USDM/CHDM/EDM Ford Focus RS
Here we will go over a few of the basic details and terminologies that are specific to Ford before we begin tuning on a COBB Accessport equipped Ford Ecoboost vehicle.
Throttle Closure Safety Limits – The OEM calibration has precautions in place to close the throttle if ECT or EOT achieve certain temperatures. The v300 and higher maps have these limits lowered to a more conservative level to bring thermal management issues into perspective before they become critical. v300 maps will start to limit throttle when ECT is greater than 230*F/110*C and/or EOT is greater than 270*F/132*C. A DTC will also trip when these limits are triggered to assist in diagnostics.
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Before anything make sure you go over our Pre-Tuning Guide
For information on using our software check out these areas for specific articles
Step 1 – What is the mechanical configuration of the vehicle?
The first step in tuning these vehicles is choosing a COBB Tuning Off-The-Shelf (OTS) calibration that most closely matches the mechanical components and modifications of the vehicle to be tuned. Refer to our map notes and apply the map that most closely matches your vehicle's mechanical configuration.
Step 2 – What fuel is the vehicle using?
Please note that COBB Tuning offers select performance calibrations for three different fuels: 93 octane (98 RON), 91 octane (95 RON). ACN91 octane from Arizona, California, or Nevada is compatible with our 91 octane calibrations. All calibrations are made with fuel that contains 10% ethanol. If you are using 94 octane with 0% ethanol we recommend running the 91 octane calibration. If your fuel does not meet the standard of the available COBB maps you will need to adjust the calibration accordingly. Take a moment to compare and contrast timing, boost, and ignition tables from each type of calibration. Higher octane fuels support more ignition timing, higher boost levels, and leaner air to fuel mixtures compared to lower octane. Using a map designed for high-octane with low-octane fuels may result in engine damage.
Step 3 – What type of air intake is on the vehicle?
These vehicles utilize manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensors located pre and post throttle body to measure the mass of air entering the engine. Filter configuration does not necessarily require tuning but heavily contaminated air filters of both OEM and aftermarket construction were found to reduce power output at moderate to high engine speeds. Frequent air filter cleaning and/or replacement is recommended for best performance and engine protection.
Whether you're starting from a stock calibration or a Cobb OTS map, you will want to get a baseline of current engine operation in order to decide your next steps, tuning-wise. The following list will provide you with information on which tables are active under various pedal position and load conditions.
Negative timing corrections should remain as minimal as possible, with that said small negative timing corrections are acceptable and can and will take place. When logging all cylinders corrections under full throttle, consistent negative corrections across multiple cylinders or incremental corrections indicate excessive knock and is a sign that the map might be too aggressive for the mechanical condition of your vehicle or the octane used. |
Fuel trims refer to adjustments being made by the ECU dynamically to the base fuel table to get the proper air fuel ratio. Short term fuel trim refers to adjustments being made in response to temporary conditions. Long term fuel trims are used to compensate for issues that seem to be present over a longer period. Fuel trims are expressed in percentages; a positive value indicates lean (ECU is adding fuel) and negative values indicate rich (ECU is subtracting fuel). Fuel trims are generally calculated by using a wide set of data values, including pre-cat O2 sensors, intake air temperature/pressure, ECT, knock sensors, engine load, throttle position, and even battery voltage can effect fuel trim. Long term fuel trims generally should not exceed +/- 10%, while short term trims at idle should be in the +/- 5% range. The ST ECU has the ability to adjust up to nearly +/- 30%. |
After choosing the most appropriate starting point calibration, prepare to test and refine the calibration on a load-based chassis dynamometer. When creating a custom tune, it is best to begin testing under low load and boost conditions. This can be done many ways but the quickest is by lowering values from the "TIP Desired Max. (Ceiling) Non 5-Way" table since this table can be tuned in realtime. This will lower the maximum allowed throttle inlet pressure. Testing done at lower boost will allow you to assess the calibration without putting the motor under potentially dangerous conditions. Start the tuning process by loading this "low boost" starting point calibration onto the vehicle.
Here you will find a very generalized overview of how the control system works, more details are in the following sections.
Each of these steps has a series of clips, compares, translations, etc... that all must be taken into account when trying to raise power output. The ECU will always take the lowest value when comparing targets/requests within a subsystem before pushing it onto the next calculation. For instance, If your Torque Maximum (CVC) is 350 and your Requested Torque is 375 it will compare the two, pick the lower one(350) and then send that out as TTL (Final) to be converted into load and output as Load Desired (TTL). Load Desired (TTL) is then compared with Load Limit (LSPI) and Load Max Achievable and the lowest of those values is sent out as Load Desired (Tq Control). Load Desired (TQ Control) is then fed into a complex SD calculation to find an Inferred Manifold Target Pressure, so on and so forth. This is all detailed in Flow Charts below.
The Focus RS ECU is primarily torque, load, and airflow based. It uses a complex lookup routine to crosscheck several variables based on conditions to achieve its target torque. Boost levels will be dynamic based on environmental conditions such as barometric pressure, ambient temperature, charge air temperature, etc...
The RS relies heavily on clipping values based on the lowest input. For example when trying to decide what the TTL (Final) will be the ECU will cross check the outputs of different torque tables and choose the lowest value to pass off to be converted into load, that load value will be cross checked with other load values such as LSPI Load Limits or Max Load at WOT and again the lowest will be chosen to be sent off as Load desired which gets converted ultimately into a TIP desired. It is very convoluted but when all the tables are calibrated correctly the torque delivery is very consistent. It is highly recommended to learn the OEM logic. See the flow chart below for a more in depth overview of how the requested torque and load systems feed into one another from APP Input to Load Desired output.
Boost targeting is as equally complex as the torque and load strategies used above. It generally takes the Load Desired TQ Control output calculated from the torque and load targets and runs that through an equation to come up with an Inferred Manifold Pressure Target.
The Inferred Manifold Pressure Target uses six variables in the calculation (shown below) and ultimately becomes your TIP Desired Absolute after a few limit and crosschecks.
Use the flow chart below to help illustrate this process in further detail:
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Ford Focus RS uses Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) aggressively to regulate torque. When tuned properly this system can be used to make torque delivery extremely consistent. And eliminate large torque overshoot(overboost) which overtime will bend rods and cause catastrophic engine failure. Generally, throttle closures happen when TIP Actual Absolute surpasses TIP Desired Absolute. Tip Actual Absolute calculation is detailed above via the intricate system of load and torque calculations. Generally raising Requested Torque will raise load, which will raise boost, however you may come into certain situations, particularly with parts our OTS maps were not designed for, where TIP Actual far surpasses TIP Desired, or vice versa, and large throttle closures occur over a broad RPM range. The factory calibrations relies very heavily on throttle closures to regulate torque. Our v300 and up OTS maps alleviate a large majority of the closures but still rely on it for initial torque control as boost hits.
WG Canister Pressure Desired (FF) (OEM) will be your main table to adjust when it comes to closing the gap between TIP Actual and TIP Desired. It is the main variable in the x-axis of the WGDC Base table. More info for these two tables is found to the right →.
Here is a basic rule to follow when adjusting canister pressure to help offset a TIP Error in TIP Actual & Tip Desired differential:
To reiterate, some throttle closures are not necessarily bad and play a vital roll in torque management. As long as the closures are not interfering with smooth torque delivery at your target torque they should not need to be changed.
Here is a generalized breakdown of how to approach raising TIP Desired Absolute by manipulating limits, targets, and requests from various torque/load/airflow based systems.
The ideal air to fuel ratio depends upon fuel quality. Higher octane fuels are more detonation resistant and therefore can be run at leaner air to fuel ratios. Leaner Air to Fuel ratios produce higher power but also create more heat. Excessive heat can lead to detonation. Lower octane fuels such as 91 octane (95 RON) are more prone to detonation and therefore generally require a richer air to fuel ratio. Rich air to fuel ratio combustion produces less heat and therefore less detonation.
These vehicles utilize an internal wide-band oxygen sensor to monitor fuel mixtures. The sensor is located in the down pipe. The target values for the Air to Fuel mixture can be monitored using the following, Commanded EQ Ratio and Desired AFR (Power Demand). The currently measured air to fuel mixture can be seen using the Actual AFR or Actual AFR (SP) monitors. The adaptive adjustments made by the ECU are monitored using Short Term Fuel Trim and Long Term Fuel Trim. The adaptive adjustments run full time in a closed-loop PID system.
The primary means to adjust fueling during WOT conditions is with the Desired Fuel Target (Power Demand) table. This table is referenced by ECT and Engine Speed. The targets in this table are used by the ECU to set the desired AFR (Lambda). The threshold for utilizing this table is determined by Accelerator Pedal Position input and is named Power Demand Threshold (APP). Under this threshold the car will run in Closed-Loop and attempt to achieve the Fuel Scalar Stoich. Setpoint.
The timing strategy in this ECU is extremely complex and robust. We highly recommend using one of our OTS maps as a base when beginning to tune. Below you will find a general overview of the ignition timing strategy and how it can be manipulated to ease tuning. Most of these tables are referenced by Engine Speed and Load Actual. Logging these parameters will allow you to reference the specific regions of these tables that may need to be edited to produce optimized ignition timing.
(Monitor Name) Spark Limit Source (+Corresponding Compensations) | (Monitor Name) Ignition Timing Base +Avg. of Timing Corr. Cyl 1-4 | (Monitor Name) Ignition Timing Requested This is the final requested timing target. |
1 = MBT Timing (MBT)
2 = Borderline Timing (BL)
4 = Pre-Ignition Timing (PRE)
5 = Cylinder Pressure Timing (CYL)
The ECU will choose the lowest of these. |
(Monitor Name) Ignition Timing Base Lowest of MBT, PRE, or CYL. | → | (Monitor Name) Ignition Timing Cyl 1-4 +/- Ignition Timing Corr. Cyl 1-4 | ← | (Monitor Name) Ignition Timing Ceiling Lowest of MBT, BL, PRE, CYL. |
The ECU will attempt to ride in between the Base and Ceiling at all times. Feedback from the knock sensors can allow additional dynamic advance or retard to be applied to the base. Timing is allowed to go below the base but will never be allowed above the ceiling. |
Knock Sensor Dynamic Feedback
Ignition timing is also adjusted in response to detonation. The ECU can actively increase and reduce timing in response to detonation (or lack thereof). The ECU has the capability to make individual cylinder timing adjustments. This means that monitoring a single cylinder for timing correction will not result in a global picture of engine operations. Timing adjustments are logged with the "Ignition Timing Corr. Cyl 1-4" monitor. The amount of timing subtracted during knocking conditions can be adjusted with the "Knock Sensor Timing Decrement (Retard)" table. During non-knocking conditions, the ECU will attempt adjust timing in small increments up to the maximum value in the table "Knock Sensor Timing Max. (Advance)" or the delta of the Ignition Timing Ceiling and Ignition Timing Base tables; whichever is lower.
Ignition Timing Compensations
Ignition timing compensations exist for each timing method except for the Pre-Ignition Timing Limit (Ceiling). Be mindful of the total value of each group of compensations when developing a desired timing curve. Since the ECU chooses the lowest of these tables, various compensations could push one table higher than others and drastically change the base or ceiling chosen.
Ignition Timing General Guidelines
Generally speaking, higher ignition timing supports higher torque and greater power. However, ignition timing should be increased with great caution. Higher timing yields higher cylinder pressures and this is limited by fuel quality and mechanical limitations of the engine. Too much timing will produce negative knock corrections when fuel quality is limiting. When fuel quality is high, ignition timing should ONLY be added when its addition produces a substantive increase in torque and power. If increased timing does not increase torque the extra cylinder pressure is simply producing unnecessary stress on engine components.
The VCT operation of this car is well optimized from the factory for the stock turbo. These tables may need to be altered considerably for larger turbocharger, or aftermarket engine components. Also note that changing VCT may require changes to the Speed Density Tables to ensure accurate calculations. Altering VCT can also change how boost is controlled since the HDFX is changed based on the cam pairing . The SD tables used are based on HDFX and are used while calculating an Inferred Manifold Pressure Target.
The ideal calibration for your vehicle is a combination of all major tuning areas outlined above. Like any performance vehicle, the EcoBoost engines will make the most power when run lean with the maximum amount of ignition timing that the ECU will allow without detonating. However, this ideal of 12.5:1 air to fuel ratio and high ignition timing is not realistic for most configurations and fuels in forced induction vehicles. The only way to determine if a calibration is ideal is to run the car on a load-based chassis dynamometer where the impact of calibration changes is easily measured. For example, addition of ignition timing that does not result in increased torque is a not ideal. If additional timing does not create power then you are simply adding stress to the engine components without tangible benefit. The same is true of boost and air to fuel ratio. If you can run the vehicle at a richer air to fuel ratio without losing power this is more ideal than running the car lean. If increasing boost does not yield considerable power gains the turbo may simply be out of its efficiency range. In this scenario less boost may produce more power. To get a coarse idea of how the ideal tune looks on your fuel type and mechanical configuration, examine the COBB OTS maps and map notes.
Boost
The stock turbocharger can produce boost levels in excess of 26psi. This boost level can generate enough cylinder pressure to cause engine damage. Be cautious when adjusting boost control parameters. Be particularly cautious when any mechanical component of the boost control system is altered.
Fuel Pressure
The stock high pressure fuel system is pushed close to the limit on the OTS calibrations. Watching HPFP Commanded, Fuel Rail Pressure Actual, Fuel Rail Pressure Desired, and Fuel Pressure Error will give you a good idea of how the High Pressure system is operating. Since the HPFP is bound to the cam and can only pressurize fuel based on engine rotations the highest demand on the HPFP is at peak engine torque when engine VE is the highest. When HPFP Commanded is at 100% the HPFP is running at full capacity. We have introduced a logic fix for the PID control of the HPFP in the v300 OTS maps and v2.0.0.0-16211 ATP/ATR to help fix some OEM pressure issues.
Sensor Limits
Engine control is entirely dependent upon accurate readings from the vehicle sensors. Stock vehicles are capable of producing sufficient airflow to push some of these sensors to their limits. Beyond the limits of the stock MAP sensor (4.985 volts – 32psi) the ECU has no way to properly control the motor. Many sensor calibrations are available in the software should you choose to change from factory pieces.
You have probably noticed in AccessTuner there are a series of tables called Axis Fuel Pressure , Axis Closed Loop, etc... These tables define the axis lookup values that are used in conjunction with the table and are used to reference output data. They look peculiar in stock form and will require a bit of finesse to set up properly. They can wreak havoc if modified incorrectly, simply interpolating the table doesn't work. Our v300 and higher maps will have these values setup for you already and should work well on stock to FBO vehicles.
Here is a short work flow chart on how to properly modify these tables:
The EcoBoost platform utilizes direct injection versus conventional port injection in its turbocharged engines. In direct injection the gasoline is highly pressurized, and injected via a common rail fuel line directly into the combustion chamber of each cylinder, as opposed to conventional multi-point fuel injection that happens in the intake plenum, or cylinder port. This gives the engine many advantages for improved fuel efficiency under light load conditions, and also allowing a leaner Air/Fuel ratio.
The major advantages of the EcoBoost directed engines are increased fuel efficiency and higher power output. Gains are achieved by the precise control over the amount of fuel and injection timings that are varied according to the load conditions. Ford utilizes the throttle plate primarily for boost and torque control; engine speed is controlled by the ECU, which regulates fuel injection function and ignition timing.
We often receive questions about the engine control strategies being utilized in the Ford Ecoboost ECU. While most of the answers to these questions fall under information we have available in our Tuning Guide, there are some more advanced topics that have recently become necessary to explain and explore. In this document we will introduce you to a more technical understanding on how these engine controls operate using Ford's HDFX strategy and the way Volumetric Efficiency is determined.
HDFX stands for "High Degree of Freedom Executive." It is a strategy that Ford has implemented to allow dynamic blending between a series of calibrated tables. You've likely seen these table sets (Table 01 – Table 15) in our software and wondered about their relationship to one another.
These tables are individually calibrated from Ford for the respective VCT (Variable Cam Timing) angle pair as defined by the pairing reference shown above. From left to right, these mapped pairs represent Table 01 – Table 15. These pairs will vary by vehicle. As camshaft angles change during engine operation the ECU creates a weighting factor for each of these tables. These weighting factors represent the percentage of how much of a table will be blended into the final calculation and can be viewed with the HDFX Table Weight 01-15, and OP monitors.
For example, if the engine was currently running -30°i, 11°e; we would likely be at a 50/50 blend of Table 08 and 09. Knowing which tables are being used at any given time is crucial to the calibration process!
The one exception to this strategy which occurs when the "Optimum Power" (OP) mode is active.
When conditions are met to activate VCT OP mode, the VCT angles will be reflective of their desired angle calibration settings. When not in OP mode, the ECU will attempt to run in Fuel Efficiency or other modes and will vary VCT angles to achieve the most desirable result.
Most of the vehicles which we support have by default disabled weighting for the OP tables. We highly recommend taking the time to adjust and verify the tables associated with each VCT mapped pair for best results. This can be done by using the VCT Manual Mode toggle, and setting the VCT Exhaust/Intake Target (Manual Mode) values to match a specific table pairing.
In simple terms, VE is the measured ability of an engine to move an air charge in and out of its cylinders. VE is often measured as a ratio or percentage. For the intent of this document and our software we will reference percentages. Normally aspirated motors will often struggle to achieve 100% VE, while an efficient forced induction engine will often exceed 100% for most of its boosted power-band.
This value only gets us halfway there. We still need to know the inlet density to calculate VE. This is where the Ford mathematicians went to town through a series of advanced algorithms. They came up with a method to calculate dry air density, and single cylinder displacement for any engine size. By providing the displacement of the engine in liters, the number of cylinders, and the current MAP, the ECU can calculate inlet density.
Unfortunately, all of this math is done in background processes in the ECU, manipulated for specific uses, and is never stored for monitoring at the moment we need it. That wasn't going to stop us from extracting this important calibration data. We have injected custom code to generate data monitors which allow real-time viewing of the modeled VE, and VE for the currently measured aircharge.
This model is responsible for measuring inputs from the MAP/TIP/Baro sensors and translating them into aircharge, load, airflow, torque, and other governable unit types. The accuracy of this translation is extremely important to ensure all of the dependent models are fed with relevant data. These dependent models include but are not limited to Fuel, Timing, Boost, Wastegate, Torque, and Airflow. The ECU can correct for discrepancies against the model up to an extent. However, it is best practice to re-calibrate the core VE model when components are replaced that can change the actual VE of the motor. This includes components such as an intake, exhaust, turbocharger, camshafts, headwork, and pistons.
As mentioned earlier, we've added some new monitors to make this portion of calibration less painful. We've also put together a handy VE spreadsheet to use as a tuning aid. Check the resources section at the end of this document for a link to access this spreadsheet. Let's go over one of the strategies that can be used to quickly dial in your VE curves.
If the STFT+LTFT value is positive it means the ECU is not commanding enough fuel and therefore needs additional VE. For this example, we will assume that the total correction amount at 2500rpm is +15% and it tapers to 0% by 5000rpm. Let's also assume that we know based on the HDFX reference table that between 2500-5000rpm we're utilizing 100% of Table 06. This means we'll want to make changes to the Slope of MAP vs Air Charge (Table 06) to resolve the inaccuracy.
To increase VE subtract values, to decrease VE add values. We would multiply the value at ~2500rpm by 0.85 to increase VE by 15%, and continually decrease that trend towards 5000rpm. Use the table graph as a visual means to keep the overall table as smooth as possible. If other tables were actively weighted, make similar percentage changes to the same areas before performing your next reflash.
Caution - Changing VE will directly affect the calculation of load and airflow. This may require additional changes to ensure anything that is indexed with these unit types is accommodated for. |
There are more advanced methods to calibrate VE once the basic concepts above have been exercised and familiarity on the process grows. We introduced you to HDFX earlier and now it's time to apply those resources. We will now demonstrate how to fine tune a single HDFX VE table. Once again you'll need a few WOT pulls with specific monitors over the entire operating range (~1500-6800rpm).
Now that the cams are locked, a new series of data can be collected to continue.
You'll want the following monitors at minimum: (C) Estimated VE Model, (C) Estimated VE Actual Corrected, Actual AFR, Boost Pressure, Commanded EQ Ratio, Engine Speed, Load Actual, Long Term Fuel Trim, Short Term Fuel Trim, VE Correction Ratio
The goal here is to adjust one table at a time to ensure the VE model is accurate. This method can also be utilized for the remainder of VCT pairs to ensure accuracy under all camshaft angles. It's also going to be a great time to open up that COBB VE Tuning Aid to visualize how your changes will look before applying them. The spreadsheet will allow you to visualize the result of higher pressures without having to stress the engine.
After correcting the VE model, take advantage of this time to adjust ignition timing, torque to load, and any other group of HDFX tables associated with each VCT pair. |
There are several input fields available to allow the ease of copying and pasting values from Accesstuner software. See the legend for the color representation of these fields. The default values are configured for a 2.0L Ecoboost Focus ST but can be swapped easily for any engine. We have included values for a few popular vehicles. The OEM slope-intercept values have been supplied for these vehicles on the HDFX References tab. For this example we'll stick with the Focus ST defaults.
First we'll choose a VCT pair for review and populate the slope and offset values. If starting from scratch, use the HDFX References tab and "paste values" to retain formatting. If you have already modified values in your calibration, simply copy and paste them from Accesstuner. The VE data will auto-populate below, along several other conversions further down.
Now that the basic inputs have been entered the VE model can be viewed in all of its 3D glory! Additionally you'll find charts that represent Aircharge, Load, and Pressure throughout the spreadsheet. Make changes as needed to the slope and intercept values to obtain a desired VE curve. Once changes are complete, simply copy and paste these values back into Accesstuner and gather new data.
Engine & Transmission Monitor List for Ford Vehicles
Accesstuner Software & Feature Support
COBB Tuning Customer Support Center
U.S. Patent Number 5357932A – Fuel control method and system for engine with variable cam timing
U.S. Patent Number 6115664A – Method of estimating engine charge
U.S. Patent Number 6850831B2 – Method and system for estimating cylinder charge for internal combustion engines having variable valve timing
U.S. Patent Number 6851304B2 – Air estimation approach for internal combustion engine control
U.S. Patent Number 7380447B2 – Method and system for transient airflow compensation in an internal combustion engine
The Big Orange Heavy Thing – Injector Dynamics
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